INTERMEDIATE PYROLYSIS AS A TECHNOLOGY TO PRODUCE MOTOR BIOFUELS
Abstract
The aim of the work is to prepare recommendations for the development of biomass pyrolysis technologies for the production of motor biofuels in Ukraine. Some possible directions of the development may be fast pyrolysis and intermediate pyrolysis. They differ in the heating rate of feedstock and the residence time of pyrolysis vapours in the reactor. For the fast pyrolysis, the first indicator is considerably higher, and the second one is lower, than for the intermediate pyrolysis. Thus, in terms of process parameters, intermediate pyrolysis is in the middle between the fast and slow pyrolysis. The quality of fast pyrolysis bio-oil depends on the type of feedstock and the type of reactor, in which the technology is implemented. The chemical composition of biomass has the biggest impact on the quality of the product. Compared to petroleum products, fast pyrolysis bio-oil is characterized by low chemical stability, low calorific value, considerable water content, high viscosity and acidity. In general, this determines rather mediocre fuel properties of the bio-oil. A feature of intermediate pyrolysis of biomass is that it is not aimed at obtaining the maximum yield of a certain product, but at producing high-quality products ready for direct use, for example, in internal combustion engines. Chemical reactions in the process of intermediate pyrolysis are more controlled than during fast pyrolysis, which leads to less tar formation and makes it possible to obtain bio-oil of sufficiently high quality. There are distinguished three stages of the development of intermediate pyrolysis technology: the Haloclean reactor, the Pyroformer technology and the thermo-catalytic reforming technology TCR. A significant innovation of the TCR technology is that the stage of pyrolysis vapours catalytic reforming is integrated into the overall process. This makes it possible to obtain higher quality final products. The yield of individual products depends on the chemical properties of the feedstock, and the quality and characteristics of the products are almost independent of the properties of the initial biomass. Pyrolysis fuel oil obtained using TCR technology is thermally stable, which makes it possible to subject it to distillation. In turn, this is the basis for the application of other thermochemical technologies, for example, hydrotreating, to improve the liquid product quality. Ukraine has considerable feedstock resources and technical potential for the production of various types of biofuels, including motor biofuels. One of the possible areas of research and development is intermediate pyrolysis using a wide range of biomass as feedstock. The intermediate pyrolysis of biomass in combination with thermo-catalytic reforming makes it possible to obtain bio-oil suitable for use in internal combustion engines, at least in a mixture with other types of biofuels. The application of technologies to improve the bio-oil quality expands the potential range of its use as a motor fuel. To determine the priority areas for the development of biomass pyrolysis technologies in Ukraine, it is necessary to analyse sectoral needs in biofuels, perform feasibility study and life cycle analysis of various technologies and end products as well as take into account fresh results of the relevant international studies.
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