ANALYSIS OF TRENDS FOR BIOENERGY DEVELOPMENT AND REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN THE EU
Abstract
The aim of the work is to prepare recommendations for the development of priority areas of bioenergy in Ukraine and acceleration of the decarbonization process. In general, it seems advisable for Ukraine to implement the best EU’s strategies and practices for the development of renewable energy and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. These mechanisms have already been tested by time and have a predictable and understandable effect. An analysis of the EU’s energy performance over the past decades shows consistent trends in reducing total energy consumption and increasing the share of renewable energy sources in it. Biomass remains the largest component of renewable energy sources in the European Union and provides more than half of the total renewable energy production. Solid biomass traditionally makes the largest contribution (almost 70% in 2022) to the total production of energy from biomass. Biomass, primarily solid one, is most actively used to obtain heat. In Latvia and Estonia, almost all renewable heat is produced from biomass; in Croatia, Lithuania, Poland, and Slovakia, this figure is more than 90%, and on average in the EU it is 81%. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is one of the main tasks of the European Union's climate policy. The European Green Deal adopted in 2019 set the goal of achieving climate neutrality in Europe by 2050. The priority development of renewable energy sources is an effective mechanism for achieving the EU's climate goals, as well as for solving another important task – increasing energy security through diversification of energy supply sources. A powerful tool for increasing energy efficiency and reducing greenhouse gas emissions is the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading System, which has been operating in the EU since 2005. Ukraine is in the process of developing and preparing for the implementation of a similar national system following the example of the European one. A positive event in early 2025 was the launch of biomethane exports from Ukraine to the EU. The production of biomethane must be further developed in Ukraine, and ways to expand the feedstock base must be sought. A promising direction may be the use of biomass of intermediate and cover crops, which requires separate study. The production of renewable diesel, hydrotreated vegetable oil, advanced biofuels, biofuels for aviation and maritime transport are promising areas of bioenergy for Ukraine which require the analysis of international experience, determination of development strategies and implementation of reasonable support mechanisms. A general recommendation for Ukraine is to elaborate and adopt a national green deal with all its components following the example of the European Green Deal to ensure balanced development of renewable energy and systematic decarbonization of industry, energy and transport.
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